Article 13(4) DMA covers conduct that may formally comply with Articles 5 to 7 DMA, but which is nevertheless incompatible with the spirit of the respective prohibition and the objectives of the DMA. Article 13(4) DMA is applicable to all gatekeeper practices, regardless of their form, as long as they correspond to the "type of practice" of the respective DMA prohibition. This is stated in recital 70:
"Given the substantial economic power of gatekeepers, it is important that the obligations are applied effectively and are not circumvented. To that end, the rules in question should apply to any practice by a gatekeeper, irrespective of its form and irrespective of whether it is of a contractual, commercial, technical or any other nature, insofar as the practice corresponds to the type of practice that is the subject of one of the obligations laid down by this Regulation. […]."
Against this background, the term "circumvention" is to be understood broadly and covers all practices of a gatekeeper which, by their outward appearance, seem to be in accordance with Articles 5 to 7 DMA but which in essence lead to results that contradict the purpose of the respective prohibition.
One example is the use of so-called scare screens, which through warnings, for example regarding the possible security for the smartphone when using an alternative provider, induce users not to make use of the options offered by the DMA. Such practices are more generally referred to as dark patterns. The term dark patterns refers to the design of user interfaces in a way that leads the user - without their knowledge - in a certain direction or to a certain decision. In addition to scare screens, this includes a variety of behaviors, such as nagging, i.e. the continuous (subtle) request to perform a certain action, or preselection, i.e. the default selection of a choice that is in the interest of the gatekeeper. Behavioral economics has long described the influence that such practices can have on human behavior.
The legislator is also critical of such measures, recital 70:
"Gatekeepers should not engage in behaviour that would undermine the effectiveness of the prohibitions and obligations laid down in this Regulation. Such behaviour includes the design used by the gatekeeper, the presentation of end-user choices in a non-neutral manner, or using the structure, function or manner of operation of a user interface or a part thereof to subvert or impair user autonomy, decision-making, or choice."
Although Article 13(4) DMA is intended to shield Articles 5 to 7 DMA against circumventions and is therefore to be interpreted broadly, Article 13 para. 4 DMA is not a general rule that allows to capture all practices that have a negative impact on the contestability and fairness of digital markets. Rather, Article 13(4) DMA must be applied in conjunction with Articles 5 to 7 DMA and therefore does capture conduct that "undermines" a specific prohibition pursuant to Articles 5 to 7 DMA, i.e. undermines the spirit and objective of a concrete prohibition.